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A global variable has a name beginning with $. It can be referred to from anywhere in a program. Before initialization, a global variable has the special value nil.

ruby> $foo nil ruby> $foo = 5 5 ruby> $foo 5

Global variables should be used sparingly. They are dangerous because they can be written to from anywhere. Overuse of globals can make isolating bugs difficult; it also tends to indicate that the design of a program has not been carefully thought out. Whenever you do find it necessary to use a global variable, be sure to give it a descriptive name that is unlikely to be inadvertently used for something else later (calling it something like $foo as above is probably a bad idea).

One nice feature of a global variable is that it can be traced; you can specify a procedure which is invoked whenever the value of the variable is changed.

ruby> trace_var :$x, proc{print "$x is now ", $x, "\n"} nil ruby> $x = 5 $x is now 5 5

When a global variable has been rigged to work as a trigger to invoke a procedure whenever changed, we sometimes call it an active variable. For instance, it is useful for keeping a GUI display up to date.

There is a collection of special variables whose names consist of a dollar sign ($) followed by a single character. For example, $$ contains the process id of the ruby interpreter, and is read-only. Here are the major system variables and their meanings (see the ruby reference manual for details):

$!	latest error message
$@	location of error
$_	string last read by gets
$.	line number last read by interpreter
$&	string last matched by regexp
$~	the last regexp match, as an array of subexpressions
$n	the nth subexpression in the last match (same as $~[n])
$=	case-insensitivity flag
$/	input record separator
$\	output record separator
$0	the name of the ruby script file
$*	the command line arguments
$$	interpreter's process ID
$?	exit status of last executed child process

In the above, $_ and $~ have local scope. Their names suggest they should be global, but they are much more useful this way, and there are historical reasons for using these names.

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