- ImageMagick command-line utilities to create, edit, or convert images
 

Synopsis

Description

Files and Formats

Options

Environment

Configuration Files

Authors

Copyright

animate [ options ... ] file [ [ options ... ] file ... ]
 

compare [ options ... ] image resconstructed-image output-image
 

composite [ options ... ] change-image base-image [ mask-image ] output-image
 

conjure [ options ] script.msl [ [ options ] script.msl ]
 

convert [ [ options ... ] [ input-file ... ] ... [ output-file ] ]
 

display [ options ... ] file ... [ [options ... ]file ... ]
 

identify file [ file ... ]
 

import [ options ... ] file
 

mogrify [ options ... ] file ...
 

montage [ options ... ] file [ [ options ... ] file ... ] output-file
 

ImageMagick provides a suite of command-line utilities for creating, converting, editing, and displaying images:

display is a machine architecture independent image processing and display facility. It can display an image on any workstation display running an X server.

import reads an image from any visible window on an X server and outputs it as an image file. You can capture a single window, the entire screen, or any rectangular portion of the screen.

montage creates a composite by combining several separate images. The images are tiled on the composite image with the name of the image optionally appearing just below the individual tile.

convert converts an input file using one image format to an output file with the same or differing image format while applying an arbitrary number of image transformations.

mogrify transforms an image or a sequence of images. These transforms include image scaling, image rotation, color reduction, and others. The transmogrified image overwrites the original image.

identify describes the format and characteristics of one or more image files. It will also report if an image is incomplete or corrupt.

composite composites images (blends or merges images together) to create new images.

compare compare an image to a reconstructed image.

conjure interprets and executes scripts in the Magick Scripting Language (MSL).

The ImageMagick utilities recognize the following image formats:
 

Support for some of these formats require additional programs or libraries. README tells where to find this software.

Note, a format delineated with + means that if more than one image is specified, it is composited into a single multi-image file. Use +adjoin if you want a single image produced for each frame.

Your installation might not support all of the formats in the list. To get an up-to-date listing of the formats supported by your particular configuration, run "convert -list format".

Raw images are expected to have one byte per pixel unless gm is compiled in 16-bit mode or in 32-bit mode. Here, the raw data is expected to be stored two or four bytes per pixel, respectively, in most-significant-byte-first order. You can tell if gm was compiled in 16-bit mode by typing "version" without any options, and looking for "Q:16" in the first line of output.

By default, the image format is determined by its magic number, i.e., the first few bytes of the file. To specify a particular image format, precede the filename with an image format name and a colon (i.e.ps:image) or specify the image type as the filename suffix. The magic number takes precedence over the filename suffix and the prefix takes precedence over the magic number and the suffix in input files. The prefix takes precedence over the filename suffix in output files. To read the "built-in" formats (GRANITE, H, LOGO, NETSCAPE, PLASMA, and ROSE) use a prefix (including the colon) without a filename or suffix. To read the XC format, follow the colon with a color specification. To read the CAPTION format, follow the colon with a text string or with a filename prefixed with the at symbol (@).
 

When you specify X as your image type, the filename has special meaning. It specifies an X window by id, name, or root. If no filename is specified, the window is selected by clicking the mouse in the desired window.

Specify input_file as - for standard input, output_file as - for standard output. If input_file has the extension .Z or .gz, the file is uncompressed with uncompress or gunzip respectively. If output_file has the extension .Z or .gz, the file is compressed using with compress or gzip respectively.

Finally, when running on platforms that allow it, precede the image file name with | to pipe to or from a system command (this feature is not available on VMS, Win32 and Macintosh platforms). Use a backslash or quotation marks to prevent your shell from interpreting the |.

Use an optional index enclosed in brackets after an input file name to specify a desired subimage of a multi-resolution image format like Photo CD (e.g. "img0001.pcd[4]") or a range for MPEG images (e.g. "video.mpg[50-75]"). A subimage specification can be disjoint (e.g. "image.tiff[2,7,4]"). For raw images, specify a subimage with a geometry (e.g. -size 640x512 "image.rgb[320x256+50+50]"). Surround the image name with quotation marks to prevent your shell from interpreting the square brackets.

Single images are written with the filename you specify. However, multi-part images (e.g., a multi-page PostScript document with +adjoin specified) are written with the filename followed by a period (.) and the scene number. You can change this behavior by embedding a %d, %0Nd, %o, %0No, %x, or %0Nx printf format specification in the file name. For example,

    image%02d.miff

writes files image00.miff, image01.miff, etc.

When running a commandline utility, you can prepend an at sign @ to a filename to read a list of image filenames from that file. This is convenient in the event you have too many image filenames to fit on the command line.

Options are processed in command line order. Any option you specify on the command line remains in effect for the set of images that follows, until the set is terminated by the appearance of any option or -noop. Some options only affect the decoding of images and others only the encoding. The latter can appear after the final group of input images.

This is a combined list of the commandline options used by the ImageMagick utilities (animate, composite, convert, display, identify, import, mogrify and montage).
 

In this document, angle brackets ("<>") enclose variables and curly brackets ("{}") enclose optional parameters. For example, "-fuzz <distance>{%}" means you can use the option "-fuzz 10" or "-fuzz 2%".
 

-adjoin

-affine <matrix>

-annotate <x-rotate>x<y-rotate>{+-}<x>{ +-}<y> <text>

-antialias

-append

-authenticate <string>

-average

-backdrop <color>

-background <color>

-blue-primary <x>,<y>

-blur <radius>{x<sigma>}

-border <width>x<height>

-bordercolor <color>

-borderwidth <geometry>

-box <color>

-cache <threshold>

-channel <type>

-charcoal <factor>

-chop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-} <y>{%}

-clip

     convert -clip -negate cockatoo.tif negated.tif

-coalesce

-colorize <value>

-colormap <type>

-colors <value>

-colorspace <value>

-combine

-comment <string>

     -comment "%m:%f %wx%h"

-compose <operator>

     Over
     In
     Out
     Atop
     Xor
     Plus
     Minus
     Difference
     Multiply
     Bumpmap

Over

The result will be the union of the two image shapes, with opaque areas of change-image obscuring base-image in the region of overlap.

In

The result is simply change-image cut by the shape of base-image. None of the image data of base-image will be in the result.

Out

The resulting image is change-image with the shape of base-image cut out.

Atop

The result is the same shape as base-image, with change-image obscuring base-image where the image shapes overlap. Note this differs from over because the portion of change-image outside base-image's shape does not appear in the result.

Xor

The result is the image data from both change-image and base-image that is outside the overlap region. The overlap region will be blank.

Plus

The result is just the sum of the image data. Output values are cropped to MaxRGB (no overflow). This operation is independent of the matte channels.

Minus

The result of change-image - base-image, with underflow cropped to zero. The matte channel is ignored (set to opaque, full coverage).

Difference

The result of abs(change-image - base-image). This is useful for comparing two very similar images.

Multiply

The result of change-image * base-image. This is useful for the creation of drop-shadows.

Bumpmap

The result base-image shaded by change-image.

-compress <type>

the type of image compression

Choices are: None, BZip, Fax, Group4, JPEG, Lossless, LZW, RLE or Zip.

Specify +compress to store the binary image in an uncompressed format. The default is the compression type of the specified image file.

If LZW compression is specified but LZW compression has not been enabled, the image data will be written in an uncompressed LZW format that can be read by LZW decoders. This may result in larger-than-expected GIF files.

"Lossless" refers to lossless JPEG, which is only available if the JPEG library has been patched to support it. Use of lossless JPEG is generally not recommended.

Use the -quality option to set the compression level to be used by JPEG, PNG, MIFF, and MPEG encoders. Use the -sampling-factor option to set the sampling factor to be used by JPEG, MPEG, and YUV encoders for downsampling the chroma channels.

-contrast

enhance or reduce the image contrast

This option enhances the intensity differences between the lighter and darker elements of the image. Use -contrast to enhance the image or +contrast to reduce the image contrast.

For a more pronounced effect you can repeat the option:

    convert rose: -contrast -contrast rose_c2.png

-convolve <kernel>

convolve image with the specified convolution kernel

The kernel is specified as a comma-separated list of integers, ordered left-to right, starting with the top row. The order of the kernel is determined by the square root of the number of entries. Presently only square kernels are supported.

-crop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-} <y>{%}

preferred size and location of the cropped image

See -geometry for details about the geometry specification.

The width and height give the size of the image that remains after cropping, and x and y are offsets that give the location of the top left corner of the cropped image with respect to the original image. To specify the amount to be removed, use -shave instead.

If the x and y offsets are present, a single image is generated, consisting of the pixels from the cropping region. The offsets specify the location of the upper left corner of the cropping region measured downward and rightward with respect to the upper left corner of the image. If the -gravity option is present with NorthEast, East, or SouthEast gravity, it gives the distance leftward from the right edge of the image to the right edge of the cropping region. Similarly, if the -gravity option is present with SouthWest, South, or SouthEast gravity, the distance is measured upward between the bottom edges.

If the x and y offsets are omitted, a set of tiles of the specified geometry, covering the entire input image, is generated. The rightmost tiles and the bottom tiles are smaller if the specified geometry extends beyond the dimensions of the input image.

-cycle <amount>

displace image colormap by amount

Amount defines the number of positions each colormap entry is shifted.

-debug <events>

enable debug printout

The events parameter specifies which events are to be logged. It can be either None, All, or a comma-separated list consisting of one or more of the following domains: Annotate, Blob, Cache, Coder, Configure, Deprecate, Exception, Locale, Render, Resource, TemporaryFile, Transform, X11, or User. For example, to log cache and blob events, use

    convert -debug "Cache,Blob" rose: rose.png

The "User" domain is normally empty, but developers can log "User" events in their private copy of ImageMagick.

Use the -log option to specify the format for debugging output.

Use +debug to turn off all logging.

An alternative to using -debug is to use the MAGICK_DEBUG environment variable. The allowed values for the MAGICK_DEBUG environment variable are the same as for the -debug option.

-deconstruct

break down an image sequence into constituent parts

This option compares each image with the next in a sequence and returns the maximum bounding region of any pixel differences it discovers. This method can undo a coalesced sequence returned by the -coalesce option, and is useful for removing redundant information from a GIF or MNG animation.

The sequence of images is terminated by the appearance of any option. If the -deconstruct option appears after all of the input images, all images are deconstructed.

-define <key>{=<value>},...

add coder/decoder specific options

This option creates one or more definitions for coders and decoders to use while reading and writing image data. Definitions may be passed to coders and decoders to control options that are specific to certain image formats. If value is missing for a definition, an empty-valued definition of a flag will be created with that name. This is used to control on/off options. Use +define <key>,... to remove definitions previously created. Use +define "*" to remove all existing definitions.

The following definitions may be created:

    jp2:rate=<value>
        Specify the compression factor to use while writing JPEG-2000
        files. The compression factor is the reciprocal of the compression
        ratio. The valid range is 0.0 to 1.0, with 1.0 indicating lossless
        compression. If defined, this value overrides the -quality setting.
        The default quality setting of 75 results in a rate value of 0.06641.
    ps:imagemask
        If the ps:imagemask flag is defined, the PS3 and EPS3 coders will
        create Postscript files that render bilevel images with the Postscript
        imagemask operator instead of the image operator.

For example, to create a postscript file that will render only the black pixels of a bilevel image, use:

    convert bilevel.tif -define ps:imagemask eps3:stencil.ps

-delay <1/100ths of a second>

display the next image after pausing

This option is useful for regulating the animation of image sequences Delay/100 seconds must expire before the display of the next image. The default is no delay between each showing of the image sequence. The maximum delay is 65535.

You can specify a delay range (e.g. -delay 10-500) which sets the minimum and maximum delay.

-delete <index>

delete the image from the image sequence

-density <width>x<height>

horizontal and vertical resolution in pixels of the image

This option specifies the image resolution to store while encoding a raster image or the canvas resolution while rendering (reading) vector formats such as Postscript, PDF, WMF, and SVG into a raster image. Image resolution provides the unit of measure to apply when rendering to an output device or raster image. The default unit of measure is in dots per inch (DPI). The -units option may be used to select dots per centimeter instead.

The default resolution is 72 dots per inch, which is equivalent to one point per pixel (Macintosh and Postscript standard). Computer screens are normally 72 or 96 dots per inch while printers typically support 150, 300, 600, or 1200 dots per inch. To determine the resolution of your display, use a ruler to measure the width of your screen in inches, and divide by the number of horizontal pixels (1024 on a 1024x768 display).

If the file format supports it, this option may be used to update the stored image resolution. Note that Photoshop stores and obtains image resolution from a proprietary embedded profile. If this profile is not stripped from the image, then Photoshop will continue to treat the image using its former resolution, ignoring the image resolution specified in the standard file header.

The density option is an attribute and does not alter the underlying raster image. It may be used to adjust the rendered size for desktop publishing purposes by adjusting the scale applied to the pixels. To resize the image so that it is the same size at a different resolution, use the -resample option.

-depth <value>

depth of the image

This is the number of bits in a color sample within a pixel. The only acceptable values are 8 or 16. Use this option to specify the depth of raw images whose depth is unknown such as GRAY, RGB, or CMYK, or to change the depth of any image after it has been read.

-descend

obtain image by descending window hierarchy

-despeckle

reduce the speckles within an image

-displace <horizontal scale>x<vertical scale>

shift image pixels as defined by a displacement map

With this option, composite image is used as a displacement map. Black, within the displacement map, is a maximum positive displacement. White is a maximum negative displacement and middle gray is neutral. The displacement is scaled to determine the pixel shift. By default, the displacement applies in both the horizontal and vertical directions. However, if you specify mask, composite image is the horizontal X displacement and mask the vertical Y displacement.

-display <host:display[.screen]>

specifies the X server to contact

This option is used with convert for obtaining image or font from this X server. See X(1).

-dispose <method>

GIF disposal method

The Disposal Method indicates the way in which the graphic is to be treated after being displayed.

Here are the valid methods:

    Undefined       No disposal specified.
    None            Do not dispose between frames.
    Background      Overwrite the image area with
                    the background color.
    Previous        Overwrite the image area with
                    what was there prior to rendering
                    the image.

-dissolve <percent>

dissolve an image into another by the given percent

The opacity of the composite image is multiplied by the given percent, then it is composited over the main image.

-dither

apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image

The basic strategy of dithering is to trade intensity resolution for spatial resolution by averaging the intensities of several neighboring pixels. Images which suffer from severe contouring when reducing colors can be improved with this option.

The -colors or -monochrome option is required for this option to take effect.

Use +dither to turn off dithering and to render PostScript without text or graphic aliasing. Disabling dithering often (but not always) leads to decreased processing time.

-draw <string>

annotate an image with one or more graphic primitives

Use this option to annotate an image with one or more graphic primitives. The primitives include shapes, text, transformations, and pixel operations. The shape primitives are

     point           x,y
     line            x0,y0 x1,y1
     rectangle       x0,y0 x1,y1
     roundRectangle  x0,y0 x1,y1 wc,hc
     arc             x0,y0 x1,y1 a0,a1
     ellipse         x0,y0 rx,ry a0,a1
     circle          x0,y0 x1,y1
     polyline        x0,y0  ...  xn,yn
     polygon         x0,y0  ...  xn,yn
     Bezier          x0,y0  ...  xn,yn
     path            path specification
     image           operator x0,y0 w,h filename

The text primitive is

     text            x0,y0 string

The text gravity primitive is

     gravity         NorthWest, North, NorthEast, West, Center,
                     East, SouthWest, South, or SouthEast

The text gravity primitive only affects the placement of text and does not interact with the other primitives. It is equivalent to using the -gravity commandline option, except that it is limited in scope to the -draw option in which it appears.

The transformation primitives are

     rotate          degrees
     translate       dx,dy
     scale           sx,sy
     skewX           degrees
     skewY           degrees

The pixel operation primitives are

     color           x0,y0 method
     matte           x0,y0 method

The shape primitives are drawn in the color specified in the preceding -stroke option. Except for the line and point primitives, they are filled with the color specified in the preceding -fill option. For unfilled shapes, use -fill none

.

Point requires a single coordinate.

Line requires a start and end coordinate.

Rectangle expects an upper left and lower right coordinate.

RoundRectangle has the upper left and lower right coordinates and the width and height of the corners.

Circle has a center coordinate and a coordinate for the outer edge.

Use Arc to inscribe an elliptical arc within a rectangle. Arcs require a start and end point as well as the degree of rotation (e.g. 130,30 200,100 45,90).

Use Ellipse to draw a partial ellipse centered at the given point with the x-axis and y-axis radius and start and end of arc in degrees (e.g. 100,100 100,150 0,360).

Finally, polyline and polygon require three or more coordinates to define its boundaries. Coordinates are integers separated by an optional comma. For example, to define a circle centered at 100,100 that extends to 150,150 use:

     -draw 'circle 100,100 150,150'

Paths (See Paths) represent an outline of an object which is defined in terms of moveto (set a new current point), lineto (draw a straight line), curveto (draw a curve using a cubic Bezier), arc (elliptical or circular arc) and closepath (close the current shape by drawing a line to the last moveto) elements. Compound paths (i.e., a path with subpaths, each consisting of a single moveto followed by one or more line or curve operations) are possible to allow effects such as "donut holes" in objects.

Use image to composite an image with another image. Follow the image keyword with the composite operator, image location, image size, and filename:

     -draw 'image Over 100,100 225,225 image.jpg'

You can use 0,0 for the image size, which means to use the actual dimensions found in the image header. Otherwise, it will be scaled to the given dimensions. See -compose for a description of the composite operators.

Use text to annotate an image with text. Follow the text coordinates with a string. If the string has embedded spaces, enclose it in single or double quotes. Optionally you can include the image filename, type, width, height, or other image attribute by embedding special format character. See -comment for details.

For example,

     -draw 'text 100,100 "%m:%f %wx%h"'

annotates the image with MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an image titled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and height is 480.

If the first character of string is @, the text is read from a file titled by the remaining characters in the string.

Rotate rotates subsequent shape primitives and text primitives about the origin of the main image. If the -region option precedes the -draw option, the origin for transformations is the upper left corner of the region.

Translate translates them.

Scale scales them.

SkewX and SkewY skew them with respect to the origin of the main image or the region.

The transformations modify the current affine matrix, which is initialized from the initial affine matrix defined by the -affine option. Transformations are cumulative within the -draw option. The initial affine matrix is not affected; that matrix is only changed by the appearance of another -affine option. If another -draw option appears, the current affine matrix is reinitialized from the initial affine matrix.

Use color to change the color of a pixel to the fill color (see -fill). Follow the pixel coordinate with a method:

     point
     replace
     floodfill
     filltoborder
     reset

Consider the target pixel as that specified by your coordinate. The point method recolors the target pixel. The replace method recolors any pixel that matches the color of the target pixel. Floodfill recolors any pixel that matches the color of the target pixel and is a neighbor, whereas filltoborder recolors any neighbor pixel that is not the border color. Finally, reset recolors all pixels.

Use matte to the change the pixel matte value to transparent. Follow the pixel coordinate with a method (see the color primitive for a description of methods). The point method changes the matte value of the target pixel. The replace method changes the matte value of any pixel that matches the color of the target pixel. Floodfill changes the matte value of any pixel that matches the color of the target pixel and is a neighbor, whereas filltoborder changes the matte value of any neighbor pixel that is not the border color (-bordercolor). Finally reset changes the matte value of all pixels.

You can set the primitive color, font, and font bounding box color with -fill, -font, and -box respectively. Options are processed in command line order so be sure to use these options before the -draw option.

-edge <radius>

detect edges within an image

-emboss <radius>

emboss an image

-encoding <type>

specify the text encoding

Choose from AdobeCustom, AdobeExpert, AdobeStandard, AppleRoman, BIG5, GB2312, Latin 2, None, SJIScode, Symbol, Unicode, Wansung.

-endian <type>

specify endianness (MSB or LSB) of the image

Use +endian to revert to unspecified endianness.

-enhance

apply a digital filter to enhance a noisy image

-equalize

perform histogram equalization to the image

-evaluate <operator> <constant>

evaluate an arithmetic, relational, or logical expression

Choose from: Add, And, Divide, LeftShift, Max, Min, Multiply, Or, RightShift, Set, Subtract, or Xor.

-fill <color>

color to use when filling a graphic primitive

Colors are represented in ImageMagick in the same form used by SVG:

    name                 ("convert -list color" to see names)
    #RGB                 (R,G,B are hex numbers, 4 bits each)
    #RRGGBB              (8 bits each)
    #RRRGGGBBB           (12 bits each)
    #RRRRGGGGBBBB        (16 bits each)
    #RGBA                (4 bits each)
    #RRGGBBAA            (8 bits each)
    #RRRGGGBBBAAA        (12 bits each)
    #RRRRGGGGBBBBAAAA    (16 bits each)
    rgb(r,g,b)           (r,g,b are decimal numbers)
    rgba(r,g,b,a)        (r,g,b,a are decimal numbers)

Enclose the color specification in quotation marks to prevent the "#" or the parentheses from being interpreted by your shell.

For example,

    convert -fill blue ...
    convert -fill "#ddddff" ...
    convert -fill "rgb(65000,65000,65535)" ...

The shorter forms are scaled up, if necessary by replication. For example, #3af, #33aaff, and #3333aaaaffff are all equivalent.

See -draw for further details.

-filter <type>

use this type of filter when resizing an image

Use this option to affect the resizing operation of an image (see -geometry). Choose from these filters:

     Point
     Box
     Triangle
     Hermite
     Hanning
     Hamming
     Blackman
     Gaussian
     Quadratic
     Cubic
     Catrom
     Mitchell
     Lanczos
     Bessel
     Sinc

The default filter is automatically selected to provide the best quality while consuming a reasonable amount of time. The Mitchell filter is used if the image supports a palette, supports a matte channel, or is being enlarged, otherwise the Lanczos filter is used.

-flatten

flatten a sequence of images

The sequence of images is replaced by a single image created by composing each image after the first over the first image.

The sequence of images is terminated by the appearance of any option. If the -flatten option appears after all of the input images, all images are flattened.

-flip

create a "mirror image"

reflect the scanlines in the vertical direction.

-flop

create a "mirror image"

reflect the scanlines in the horizontal direction.

-font <name>

use this font when annotating the image with text

You can tag a font to specify whether it is a PostScript, TrueType, or OPTION1 font. For example, Arial.ttf is a TrueType font, ps:helvetica is PostScript, and x:fixed is OPTION1.

-foreground <color>

define the foreground color

The color is specified using the format described under the -fill option.

-format <type>

the image format type

When used with the mogrify utility, this option will convert any image to the image format you specify. See ImageMagick(1) for a list of image format types supported by ImageMagick, or see the output of '-list format'.

By default the file is written to its original name. However, if the filename extension matches a supported format, the extension is replaced with the image format type specified with -format. For example, if you specify tiff as the format type and the input image filename is image.gif, the output image filename becomes image.tiff.

-format <string>

output formatted image characteristics

When used with the identify utility, use this option to print information about the image in a format of your choosing. You can include the image filename, type, width, height, Exif data, or other image attributes by embedding special format characters:

     %b   file size
     %c   comment
     %d   directory
     %e   filename extension
     %f   filename
     %h   height
     %i   input filename
     %k   number of unique colors
     %l   label
     %m   magick
     %n   number of scenes
     %o   output filename
     %p   page number
     %q   quantum depth
     %s   scene number
     %t   top of filename
     %u   unique temporary filename
     %w   width
     %x   x resolution
     %y   y resolution
     %@   bounding box
     %#   signature
     \n   newline
     \r   carriage return

For example,

     -format "%m:%f %wx%h"

displays MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an image titled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and height is 480.

If the first character of string is @, the format is read from a file titled by the remaining characters in the string.

You can also use the following special formatting syntax to print Exif information contained in the file:

     %[EXIF:<tag>]

Where "<tag>" can be one of the following:

     *  (print all Exif tags, in keyword=data format)
     !  (print all Exif tags, in tag_number data format)
     #hhhh (print data for Exif tag #hhhh)
     ImageWidth
     ImageLength
     BitsPerSample
     Compression
     PhotometricInterpretation
     FillOrder
     DocumentName
     ImageDescription
     Make
     Model
     StripOffsets
     Orientation
     SamplesPerPixel
     RowsPerStrip
     StripByteCounts
     XResolution
     YResolution
     PlanarConfiguration
     ResolutionUnit
     TransferFunction
     Software
     DateTime
     Artist
     WhitePoint
     PrimaryChromaticities
     TransferRange
     JPEGProc
     JPEGInterchangeFormat
     JPEGInterchangeFormatLength
     YCbCrCoefficients
     YCbCrSubSampling
     YCbCrPositioning
     ReferenceBlackWhite
     CFARepeatPatternDim
     CFAPattern
     BatteryLevel
     Copyright
     ExposureTime
     FNumber
     IPTC/NAA
     ExifOffset
     InterColorProfile
     ExposureProgram
     SpectralSensitivity
     GPSInfo
     ISOSpeedRatings
     OECF
     ExifVersion
     DateTimeOriginal
     DateTimeDigitized
     ComponentsConfiguration
     CompressedBitsPerPixel
     ShutterSpeedValue
     ApertureValue
     BrightnessValue
     ExposureBiasValue
     MaxApertureValue
     SubjectDistance
     MeteringMode
     L